A instrument designed for Mercury propellers helps decide the distinction between theoretical distance traveled and precise distance traveled by a ship. This distinction, expressed as a proportion, arises from the propeller’s interplay with the water, the place some power is misplaced because of slippage. For example, if a propeller theoretically advances 10 ft in a single rotation however the boat solely strikes 9 ft, the slip is 10%. Numerous on-line assets and software program purposes present this performance, usually requiring inputs equivalent to propeller pitch, engine RPM, and boat velocity.
Correct slip calculations are important for optimizing boat efficiency and gasoline effectivity. By understanding this efficiency indicator, changes may be made to propeller choice (diameter, pitch, and blade design) or engine setup to reduce power loss and maximize thrust. Traditionally, this course of relied on handbook calculations and estimations, however trendy instruments provide larger precision and ease of use. This info permits boat homeowners to attain higher gasoline economic system, improved top-end velocity, and enhanced dealing with traits. It additionally performs a vital position in diagnosing potential propeller or drivetrain points.
The next sections delve additional into the elements influencing propeller slip, the sensible purposes of those calculations, and the totally different strategies employed for correct dedication. Matters lined embody the consequences of hull design, water situations, and propeller put on on slip, in addition to detailed steerage on using calculation instruments and deciphering outcomes.
1. Mercury Propellers
Mercury Marine, a outstanding producer of marine propulsion programs, produces a variety of propellers designed for numerous boat sorts and efficiency aims. Understanding the traits of Mercury propellers is key to using a propeller slip calculator successfully. The calculator depends on correct propeller specs to generate significant outcomes that inform choices concerning propeller choice and boat efficiency.
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Propeller Pitch
Pitch, outlined because the theoretical distance a propeller advances in a single revolution, is a vital parameter in slip calculations. A propeller with the next pitch theoretically travels additional per revolution. Mercury gives propellers with numerous pitch choices to go well with totally different boat and engine mixtures. Incorrect pitch choice can result in vital slip and diminished efficiency. The slip calculator helps assess the suitability of a selected pitch based mostly on noticed boat velocity and engine RPM.
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Propeller Diameter
Diameter, representing the full width of the propeller’s round sweep, additionally influences slip. Bigger diameter propellers typically present extra grip and thrust, notably at decrease speeds. Mercury propellers can be found in numerous diameters, and choosing the right diameter is essential for optimum efficiency and minimizing slip. Slip calculations can spotlight if a propeller diameter is inappropriate for the boat and engine configuration.
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Blade Design and Quantity
Mercury propellers function numerous blade designs, every influencing efficiency traits and slip. Blade quantity, form, and cup have an effect on how the propeller interacts with water. Three-blade propellers are widespread for basic use, whereas 4 or five-blade propellers is perhaps most well-liked for particular purposes requiring increased thrust or smoother operation. The slip calculator, whereas indirectly accounting for blade design, supplies an total efficiency evaluation that may information choice based mostly on noticed slip.
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Materials Composition
Mercury propellers are constructed from numerous supplies, together with aluminum, chrome steel, and composite supplies. Materials selection impacts sturdiness, weight, and efficiency. Chrome steel propellers are typically extra sturdy and environment friendly but in addition dearer. Aluminum propellers are an economical possibility however could also be much less sturdy. Whereas materials would not immediately issue into slip calculations, it is a related consideration when selecting a substitute propeller based mostly on slip calculator outcomes.
These sides of Mercury propellers display the interconnectedness between propeller specs and slip calculations. By inputting correct information concerning the Mercury propeller in use, boaters can leverage slip calculators to evaluate efficiency, establish potential points, and make knowledgeable choices concerning propeller choice and engine changes. Analyzing slip permits for optimization of boat velocity, gasoline effectivity, and total dealing with traits.
2. Slip Calculation
Slip calculation is the core operate of a Mercury propeller slip calculator. It quantifies the distinction between the propeller’s theoretical ahead motion and the boat’s precise motion via the water. This discrepancy, expressed as a proportion, is a vital indicator of propeller effectivity and total boat efficiency. Understanding slip calculation strategies and deciphering outcomes is important for leveraging the calculator successfully.
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Theoretical Distance
Theoretical distance is the space a propeller would journey in a single revolution if it had been transferring via a strong medium. This worth is calculated utilizing the propeller’s pitch. For example, a 20-inch pitch propeller theoretically strikes 20 inches ahead per revolution. In actuality, water permits for slippage, making this theoretical distance larger than the precise distance traveled. The Mercury propeller slip calculator makes use of this theoretical distance as a baseline for comparability.
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Precise Distance
Precise distance is the real-world measurement of how far the boat strikes ahead in a given timeframe, sometimes correlated to engine RPM. This worth is influenced by elements equivalent to boat velocity, water situations, and propeller traits. Precisely figuring out precise distance is essential for exact slip calculation. Strategies equivalent to GPS velocity readings or measured distances over a identified time interval present information for the calculator.
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Calculation Formulation
The slip calculation makes use of a selected formulation: Slip (%) = [(Theoretical Distance – Actual Distance) / Theoretical Distance] * 100. The calculator simplifies this course of by automating the calculation as soon as the required inputs (propeller pitch, engine RPM, and boat velocity) are offered. Understanding this formulation supplies perception into the connection between these variables and the ensuing slip proportion.
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Interpretation of Outcomes
Deciphering the calculated slip proportion is essential for making knowledgeable choices about propeller choice and boat setup. A typical slip vary for many leisure boats is between 10% and 20%. Greater slip percentages could point out points equivalent to incorrect propeller choice, extreme propeller put on, or hull design inefficiencies. Decrease slip may counsel over-propping. The Mercury propeller slip calculator facilitates this evaluation, offering a foundation for optimizing boat efficiency.
These sides of slip calculation display its integral position in using a Mercury propeller slip calculator successfully. By understanding how theoretical distance, precise distance, and the calculation formulation work together, boaters can interpret outcomes precisely and optimize propeller choice for improved efficiency, gasoline effectivity, and dealing with.
3. Efficiency Optimization
Efficiency optimization in boating depends closely on understanding and minimizing propeller slip. A Mercury propeller slip calculator supplies the required instrument for quantifying slip and guiding changes to attain optimum efficiency. This entails analyzing the calculated slip in relation to varied operational parameters and making knowledgeable choices about propeller choice, engine configuration, and boat dealing with.
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Velocity Enhancement
Maximizing boat velocity requires minimizing power misplaced to propeller slip. Extreme slip signifies that a good portion of the engine’s energy is not translating into ahead movement. By using the slip calculator and experimenting with totally different propeller pitch and diameter choices, boaters can establish the perfect propeller configuration that minimizes slip and maximizes velocity for his or her particular boat and engine mixture. A decrease slip proportion usually interprets to increased top-end velocity and improved acceleration.
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Gasoline Effectivity Enchancment
Lowered propeller slip contributes immediately to higher gasoline economic system. When much less power is wasted on churning water, extra energy is utilized to ahead propulsion, requiring much less gasoline to attain a given velocity. The slip calculator permits boaters to fine-tune their setup for optimum gasoline effectivity by figuring out the propeller traits that decrease slip at cruising speeds. This could result in vital gasoline financial savings over time, particularly for long-distance boating.
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Enhanced Dealing with and Management
Propeller slip impacts boat dealing with, notably in maneuvering and turning. Extreme slip can cut back responsiveness and make exact management tougher. Through the use of the slip calculator to optimize propeller choice, boaters can enhance dealing with traits, leading to extra predictable and managed maneuvering. A correctly matched propeller with minimal slip enhances the boat’s means to carry a course and reply successfully to steering inputs.
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Gap Shot Enchancment
“Gap shot” refers back to the boat’s acceleration from a stationary place. Minimizing slip is essential for reaching a fast and environment friendly gap shot. The slip calculator might help decide the perfect propeller configuration for maximizing thrust and acceleration from relaxation. A propeller with acceptable pitch and diameter, producing minimal slip, ensures a robust and responsive preliminary acceleration, notably necessary for watersports and different actions requiring fast begins.
These efficiency sides are interconnected and immediately influenced by propeller slip. By using a Mercury propeller slip calculator and deciphering the outcomes successfully, boaters can fine-tune their setup, maximizing velocity, bettering gasoline effectivity, enhancing dealing with, and optimizing gap shot efficiency. This complete strategy to efficiency optimization contributes to a extra pleasing and environment friendly boating expertise.
4. Gasoline Effectivity
Gasoline effectivity represents a vital think about boating, immediately impacted by propeller slip. A good portion of gasoline consumption may be attributed to overcoming the resistance created by propeller slip. Decreasing slip interprets immediately into improved gasoline economic system. Using a instrument particularly designed for Mercury propellers permits boat homeowners to establish and decrease slip, thus optimizing gasoline utilization. For instance, a ship working with a 25% slip loses 1 / 4 of its potential propulsive energy to inefficiency. Decreasing this slip to fifteen% via knowledgeable propeller choice, guided by the calculator, may end up in substantial gasoline financial savings over time.
The connection between gasoline effectivity and propeller slip is additional exemplified in various boating eventualities. Contemplate two equivalent boats, one working with an optimally chosen propeller exhibiting minimal slip, and the opposite with a poorly matched propeller leading to excessive slip. Over a protracted journey, the boat with the optimized propeller will devour considerably much less gasoline, demonstrating the sensible implications of slip discount. Furthermore, diminished slip diminishes the load on the engine, contributing to elevated engine longevity and decreased upkeep prices. This underscores the long-term financial advantages of addressing propeller slip.
In conclusion, gasoline effectivity is inextricably linked to propeller slip. Using a specialised calculator designed for Mercury propellers supplies boaters with the means to research and decrease slip, immediately impacting gasoline consumption. This outcomes not solely in fast value financial savings but in addition contributes to diminished environmental affect and enhanced engine lifespan. Addressing propeller slip via knowledgeable propeller choice is an important step in the direction of reaching each economical and environmentally accountable boating practices.
5. Velocity Enchancment
Boat velocity is considerably influenced by propeller slip. A Mercury propeller slip calculator supplies a vital instrument for understanding and minimizing this slip, resulting in potential velocity enhancements. By quantifying slip, the calculator permits boaters to research the effectivity of their present propeller and make knowledgeable choices about propeller choice and changes, finally aiming to reinforce boat velocity.
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Lowered Slip, Elevated Velocity
The connection between slip and velocity is inversely proportional. Decreasing slip immediately interprets to extra environment friendly use of engine energy for ahead movement, thus rising boat velocity. For instance, if a ship experiences a 20% slip, 20% of the engine’s energy is misplaced to propeller inefficiency. Decreasing this slip to 10% by choosing a extra acceptable propeller, guided by the calculator, may end up in a noticeable velocity improve. The calculator aids in figuring out propellers that decrease slip and maximize the conversion of engine energy into boat velocity.
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Prime-Finish Velocity Positive factors
Prime-end velocity, the utmost velocity a ship can obtain, is especially delicate to propeller slip. Extreme slip at excessive RPM considerably limits top-end velocity. The calculator facilitates propeller choice for minimizing high-RPM slip. This may end up in improved top-end efficiency. Actual-world examples embody boats gaining a number of knots of high velocity after optimizing propeller selection based mostly on calculated slip. This emphasizes the calculator’s utility in pursuing most velocity potential.
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Improved Acceleration
Whereas usually related to gap shot, acceleration all through the velocity vary is affected by slip. Lowered slip improves acceleration by making certain environment friendly energy switch from the engine to the water. The calculator can be utilized to establish propeller traits that decrease slip all through the RPM vary, bettering total acceleration. That is notably helpful for boats requiring agile efficiency, equivalent to these used for watersports or responsive maneuvering.
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Propeller Pitch Optimization for Velocity
Propeller pitch performs a vital position in figuring out slip and due to this fact boat velocity. The calculator assists in figuring out the optimum pitch for a given boat and engine mixture. A pitch that’s too excessive may end up in extreme slip and diminished velocity, whereas a pitch that’s too low could restrict top-end potential. Utilizing the calculator, boaters can fine-tune pitch choice to reduce slip and maximize velocity throughout the specified operational vary. This precision in propeller choice is vital to realizing optimum efficiency good points.
These parts spotlight the numerous affect of propeller slip on boat velocity and the essential position of a Mercury propeller slip calculator in optimizing efficiency. By offering a method to quantify and analyze slip, the calculator empowers boaters to make knowledgeable choices about propeller choice and changes. This finally results in improved velocity, whether or not maximizing top-end efficiency or enhancing acceleration all through the velocity vary.
6. Troubleshooting
Troubleshooting boat efficiency usually entails analyzing propeller slip. A Mercury propeller slip calculator serves as a precious diagnostic instrument, offering insights into potential points associated to the propeller, engine, or drivetrain. Calculated slip values outdoors the standard vary can point out underlying issues requiring additional investigation. This part explores how slip calculations support in troubleshooting numerous boat efficiency issues.
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Figuring out Propeller Harm
Broken propellers, equivalent to bent blades, nicks, or extreme put on, contribute considerably to elevated slip. The next-than-expected slip proportion, as calculated by the instrument, can counsel propeller injury. This prompts a bodily inspection of the propeller to substantiate the injury and decide the necessity for restore or substitute. For example, a ship experiencing unusually excessive slip after hitting a submerged object doubtless has a broken propeller. The slip calculator serves as an preliminary diagnostic step, guiding additional investigation.
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Diagnosing Engine Points
Whereas indirectly associated to the propeller, sure engine issues can manifest as elevated slip. Lack of compression, gasoline system points, or different mechanical issues lowering engine energy output can result in increased slip percentages. The slip calculator, by highlighting uncommon slip values, can not directly level in the direction of potential engine issues. This prompts additional engine diagnostics to pinpoint the basis trigger. For instance, persistently excessive slip throughout totally different propellers may point out an underlying engine efficiency difficulty reasonably than a propeller drawback.
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Detecting Drivetrain Issues
Points inside the boat’s drivetrain, equivalent to worn bearings or misaligned shafts, may also contribute to elevated slip and diminished efficiency. The calculator, by revealing uncommon slip patterns, can not directly counsel drivetrain issues. This encourages inspection of the drivetrain parts to establish potential points like extreme play within the shaft or uncommon noises throughout operation. Addressing these points can restore correct energy switch and cut back slip.
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Verifying Propeller Choice
Incorrect propeller choice is a standard reason for efficiency points and excessive slip. A propeller with incorrect pitch or diameter for the boat and engine mixture will end in suboptimal efficiency and elevated slip. The calculator helps confirm propeller suitability. If the calculated slip falls considerably outdoors the anticipated vary, it signifies a possible mismatch. This prompts reassessment of propeller selection, contemplating elements like boat kind, engine horsepower, and desired efficiency traits. The calculator aids in choosing a extra acceptable propeller to reduce slip and optimize efficiency.
These troubleshooting eventualities display the utility of a Mercury propeller slip calculator past easy efficiency evaluation. By highlighting deviations from anticipated slip values, the calculator serves as a precious diagnostic instrument, guiding additional investigation into potential propeller injury, engine points, or drivetrain issues. This diagnostic functionality enhances the calculator’s worth, making it a necessary instrument for sustaining optimum boat efficiency and figuring out potential issues early on. Correct slip calculation supplies a vital start line for efficient troubleshooting and knowledgeable decision-making concerning repairs, changes, or element replacements.
7. Propeller Choice
Propeller choice is inextricably linked to the efficient utilization of a Mercury propeller slip calculator. The calculator serves as a necessary instrument for evaluating propeller efficiency and guiding the choice course of. Trigger and impact relationships between propeller traits (diameter, pitch, blade quantity and design) and calculated slip inform decision-making. A propeller’s affect on slip, as revealed by the calculator, dictates its suitability for a selected boat and engine mixture. For example, a propeller producing extreme slip, indicated by a excessive proportion worth within the calculator, necessitates exploring different propeller choices. Conversely, unusually low slip may counsel a propeller underutilizing out there engine energy. The calculator facilitates iterative refinement of propeller selection based mostly on quantifiable efficiency information.
Contemplate a situation the place a ship proprietor seeks improved top-end velocity. Preliminary calculations reveal excessive slip at most RPM. This prompts consideration of propellers with totally different pitch or diameter. Subsequent calculations with information from these different propellers enable for direct comparability of potential efficiency enhancements. This iterative course of, guided by the calculator’s output, permits knowledgeable number of the propeller finest suited to reaching the specified velocity improve. One other sensible instance entails optimizing gasoline effectivity. A ship persistently working with excessive slip, as revealed by the calculator, consumes extra gasoline than vital. The calculator guides number of a propeller minimizing slip at cruising velocity, resulting in demonstrable gasoline financial savings. These examples illustrate the sensible significance of integrating slip calculations into propeller choice.
In abstract, efficient propeller choice depends closely on data-driven evaluation offered by a Mercury propeller slip calculator. The calculator’s means to quantify the affect of propeller traits on slip empowers knowledgeable decision-making. This course of, pushed by trigger and impact relationships between propeller parameters and calculated slip, permits optimization of boat efficiency, whether or not the purpose is improved velocity, enhanced gasoline effectivity, or a mix thereof. Understanding this connection is essential for leveraging the complete potential of each the propeller and the engine.
8. Boat Velocity Information
Correct boat velocity information is paramount for significant calculations of propeller slip utilizing a instrument designed for Mercury propellers. This information serves as a vital enter, immediately influencing the accuracy and reliability of the calculated slip proportion. A cause-and-effect relationship exists: exact velocity information results in correct slip calculations, whereas flawed velocity information yields deceptive outcomes. Boat velocity, representing the precise distance traveled by the boat via water, is in contrast in opposition to the propeller’s theoretical development to find out slip. This comparability types the core of the slip calculation, underscoring the significance of dependable boat velocity information.
Contemplate a situation the place boat velocity is overestimated. This results in an artificially low calculated slip proportion, doubtlessly masking an underlying propeller inefficiency. Conversely, underestimating boat velocity ends in an inflated slip proportion, probably prompting pointless changes to the propeller or engine. Actual-world examples embody utilizing GPS-based velocity readings, which provide excessive accuracy, versus counting on much less exact strategies like estimated velocity based mostly on engine RPM. The distinction in accuracy between these strategies immediately impacts the reliability of the slip calculation. Using exact GPS information permits for fine-grained evaluation of slip, enabling knowledgeable choices concerning propeller choice and optimization. Counting on much less correct velocity measurements hinders efficient evaluation and may result in suboptimal propeller selections.
In conclusion, boat velocity information types an indispensable element of correct propeller slip calculations. The standard of this information immediately influences the reliability of the calculated slip and subsequent choices associated to propeller choice and efficiency optimization. Using exact measurement strategies, equivalent to GPS-based velocity monitoring, is important for significant slip evaluation. Understanding the vital position of correct boat velocity information empowers boat homeowners to leverage slip calculations successfully, resulting in improved boat efficiency, gasoline effectivity, and total boating expertise.
Often Requested Questions
This part addresses widespread inquiries concerning propeller slip calculations for Mercury propellers, offering clear and concise explanations to facilitate understanding and efficient utilization of slip calculators.
Query 1: How does propeller slip have an effect on boat efficiency?
Propeller slip immediately impacts boat velocity, gasoline effectivity, and acceleration. Greater slip reduces velocity and gasoline economic system whereas diminishing acceleration. Decrease slip, conversely, improves these efficiency features.
Query 2: What’s a typical slip proportion vary for leisure boats?
A typical slip vary falls between 10% and 20%. Values considerably outdoors this vary warrant additional investigation into potential propeller points, engine issues, or incorrect propeller choice.
Query 3: How does propeller pitch affect slip?
Propeller pitch, the theoretical distance a propeller advances in a single revolution, immediately impacts slip. The next pitch typically results in increased slip, whereas a decrease pitch ends in decrease slip, all different elements being equal. Optimum pitch choice depends upon the precise boat, engine, and desired efficiency traits.
Query 4: How does boat velocity measurement accuracy have an effect on slip calculations?
Correct boat velocity information is essential for dependable slip calculations. Inaccurate velocity measurements, whether or not overestimated or underestimated, result in incorrect slip values and doubtlessly flawed conclusions about propeller efficiency. Utilizing exact velocity measurement instruments, equivalent to GPS gadgets, ensures dependable slip calculations.
Query 5: What could cause unusually excessive propeller slip?
A number of elements can contribute to unusually excessive slip, together with propeller injury (bent blades, nicks), incorrect propeller choice (mistaken pitch or diameter), engine issues lowering energy output, and drivetrain points (worn bearings, misaligned shafts).
Query 6: How can a Mercury propeller slip calculator support in troubleshooting boat efficiency points?
A slip calculator helps diagnose efficiency points by highlighting deviations from anticipated slip values. Unusually excessive or low slip percentages can point out issues with the propeller, engine, or drivetrain, guiding additional investigation and corrective motion.
Understanding these elementary ideas concerning propeller slip and its calculation permits for efficient utilization of a Mercury propeller slip calculator to optimize boat efficiency, enhance gasoline effectivity, and diagnose potential points. Correct slip calculation empowers knowledgeable decision-making concerning propeller choice and upkeep.
The next part supplies sensible examples of utilizing a Mercury propeller slip calculator in numerous boating eventualities, demonstrating its real-world purposes and advantages.
Sensible Suggestions for Using Propeller Slip Calculations
These sensible suggestions provide steerage on using propeller slip calculations successfully, resulting in knowledgeable choices concerning propeller choice, boat efficiency optimization, and troubleshooting. Every tip emphasizes sensible software and supplies context for maximizing the advantages of slip evaluation.
Tip 1: Correct Information Enter is Essential
Correct enter information, together with propeller pitch, engine RPM, and boat velocity, is key for dependable slip calculations. Make the most of exact measurement instruments, equivalent to GPS for boat velocity, to make sure information integrity. Inaccurate inputs result in unreliable slip values and doubtlessly flawed conclusions.
Tip 2: Set up a Baseline Slip Worth
Calculate the slip underneath regular working situations to determine a baseline reference level. This baseline permits for comparisons when evaluating adjustments in propeller choice, engine efficiency, or boat loading. Monitor adjustments in slip relative to the baseline to evaluate the affect of modifications or establish potential issues.
Tip 3: Iterative Testing for Optimum Propeller Choice
Propeller choice is usually an iterative course of. Calculate slip with totally different propeller choices to match potential efficiency enhancements. This iterative strategy, guided by slip calculations, helps decide the perfect propeller for particular efficiency targets, equivalent to elevated top-end velocity or improved gasoline effectivity.
Tip 4: Analyze Slip Throughout the RPM Vary
Analyze slip at numerous engine RPMs, not simply at wide-open throttle. This supplies a extra complete understanding of propeller efficiency all through the operational vary. Slip conduct at totally different RPMs can reveal insights into propeller suitability and potential areas for enchancment.
Tip 5: Contemplate Environmental Components
Water situations, equivalent to currents and wind, affect boat velocity and, consequently, slip calculations. Account for these environmental elements when deciphering slip information. Performing calculations underneath constant situations improves the reliability of comparisons.
Tip 6: Doc and Monitor Slip Information
Preserve a log of slip calculations, noting corresponding propeller specs, engine RPM, boat velocity, and environmental situations. This documented information supplies a precious historic file for monitoring efficiency adjustments, troubleshooting points, and making knowledgeable choices about future propeller picks.
Tip 7: Seek the advice of with Propeller Specialists
Whereas slip calculators present precious information, consulting with propeller consultants can provide additional insights and steerage. Specialists can interpret slip calculations within the context of particular boat and engine mixtures, recommending propeller selections based mostly on expertise and specialised information.
By adhering to those sensible suggestions, boat homeowners can successfully make the most of slip calculations to optimize propeller choice, improve boat efficiency, and enhance gasoline effectivity. The following pointers emphasize the significance of correct information, iterative testing, and complete evaluation for maximizing the advantages of slip calculations.
The next conclusion summarizes the important thing takeaways concerning the sensible purposes and advantages of using a Mercury propeller slip calculator.
Conclusion
This exploration of the Mercury propeller slip calculator has highlighted its significance in optimizing boat efficiency. From propeller choice and troubleshooting to gasoline effectivity and velocity enhancement, understanding and using slip calculations supplies a data-driven strategy to bettering the boating expertise. Key takeaways embody the significance of correct information enter, the connection between slip and numerous efficiency parameters, and the calculator’s position in diagnosing potential points. The iterative nature of propeller choice, guided by calculated slip, has been emphasised, together with the necessity to take into account environmental elements and seek the advice of with consultants when vital.
Propeller slip, although usually ignored, represents a vital issue influencing boat efficiency. Embracing the analytical capabilities supplied by a Mercury prop slip calculator empowers boat homeowners to maneuver past estimations and embrace data-driven decision-making. This shift in the direction of quantifiable efficiency evaluation unlocks the complete potential of a ship’s propulsion system, resulting in enhanced effectivity, improved velocity, and a extra knowledgeable strategy to boating. Continued exploration of slip calculations and their sensible software guarantees additional developments in boat efficiency optimization and a deeper understanding of the advanced interaction between propeller, engine, and water.
